How nicely does rhino lining adhere to wooden? This complete information delves into the components influencing the bond energy between rhino lining and numerous wooden varieties. From floor preparation methods to software strategies, we discover the vital steps and issues for reaching a sturdy and lasting end.
Rhino lining, a well-liked protecting coating, usually finds functions in demanding environments. Nevertheless, its efficiency on wooden substrates varies relying on a number of components. This investigation will study the intricacies of adhesion, providing sensible insights for reaching profitable outcomes.
Introduction to Rhino Lining and Wooden
Rhino lining, a well-liked spray-on coating, sometimes includes a polymer resin base with numerous components for particular functions, like enhanced sturdiness or UV resistance. Widespread functions embody defending and enhancing surfaces on automobiles, boats, and even some industrial constructions. It creates a tough, usually textured, protecting layer. Totally different formulations exist, catering to particular environments and efficiency necessities.Wooden, in distinction, is a pure composite materials with various traits.
Its density, moisture content material, and grain construction considerably affect its properties and suitability for numerous makes use of. Totally different wooden species fluctuate significantly of their energy, resistance to rot and decay, and talent to resist weathering. Understanding these variations is vital for profitable floor therapies, together with the appliance of rhino lining.
Components Influencing Adhesion
A number of components play a key position within the success of any adhesive bond, whether or not between rhino lining and wooden or another supplies. Floor preparation is paramount. A clear, easy, and correctly ready floor space maximizes contact between the coating and the substrate, enhancing adhesion. The chemical compatibility between the rhino lining and the wooden is one other vital issue.
If the chemical compositions react unfavorably, the adhesion will likely be weak and probably problematic. Lastly, environmental situations, resembling temperature and humidity, can affect the curing course of and long-term efficiency of the bond.
Floor Properties of Wooden Varieties
Understanding the floor traits of various wooden varieties is crucial for efficient rhino lining software. The next desk offers a comparability of some widespread wooden varieties, highlighting their floor roughness and porosity. These components straight affect the flexibility of the rhino lining to stick correctly.
| Wooden Sort | Density (g/cm³) | Moisture Content material (%) | Roughness (µm) | Porosity (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pine | 0.4 – 0.6 | 8 – 12 | 10 – 20 | 15 – 25 |
| Oak | 0.6 – 0.9 | 8 – 12 | 15 – 25 | 10 – 18 |
| Maple | 0.6 – 0.8 | 8 – 12 | 12 – 20 | 12 – 20 |
| Cherry | 0.6 – 0.8 | 8 – 12 | 10 – 18 | 10 – 15 |
Notice that these are common values, and variations exist based mostly on particular species and rising situations. A better roughness and porosity usually translate right into a tougher adhesion situation, probably requiring extra in depth floor preparation earlier than making use of rhino lining. A very good instance could be making use of rhino lining to a ship’s deck. The wooden’s density, moisture content material, and floor traits all affect how nicely the coating adheres and the long-term efficiency.
Adhesion Mechanisms: How Properly Does Rhino Lining Adhere To Wooden
Rhino lining’s means to stay to wooden hinges on a fancy interaction of forces. These forces, performing on the microscopic stage, dictate the energy and longevity of the bond. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for optimizing the appliance course of and guaranteeing sturdiness.The adhesive energy is not merely about one factor sticking to a different. It is a couple of mixture of things working collectively to create a powerful, dependable bond.
Consider it like a well-engineered bridge – many alternative parts contribute to its general stability. Comparable ideas apply to the bond between rhino lining and wooden.
Basic Ideas of Adhesion
Adhesion between rhino lining and wooden is a multifaceted course of. It depends on a number of key ideas, together with floor vitality, chemical bonding, and mechanical interlocking. These ideas work in tandem to create a sturdy bond.
Floor Power
The floor vitality of each supplies performs a pivotal position. A better floor vitality means a larger tendency to work together with different surfaces. Wooden, with its intricate pores and pure contours, usually reveals the next floor vitality in comparison with easy surfaces. This increased floor vitality in wooden permits for a greater preliminary contact and a stronger preliminary attraction.
The rhino lining’s floor traits additionally have an effect on this interplay. A rougher floor of the rhino lining can create extra contact factors with the wooden. These interactions contribute to the preliminary bonding part.
Chemical Bonding
Chemical bonding between the rhino lining and wooden’s parts is one other important issue. If the supplies possess appropriate chemical teams, they will type chemical bonds, making a stronger, extra enduring connection. As an example, the presence of hydroxyl teams on the wooden floor can probably work together with particular chemical teams within the rhino lining’s composition. The precise chemistry of the rhino lining materials considerably impacts the formation of those chemical bonds.
The precise nature of the chemical bonding will rely upon the particular composition of each supplies.
Mechanical Interlocking
Mechanical interlocking happens when the floor irregularities of the 2 supplies match collectively like a puzzle. This course of is enhanced by floor roughness, which creates extra factors of contact. The rhino lining’s texture and the wooden’s grain sample contribute to the mechanical interlocking. This interplay offers a vital ingredient of the general bond energy. The diploma of interlocking will likely be influenced by the floor roughness and the irregularities current on each the rhino lining and the wooden.
Interactions with Wooden’s Pure Parts
The interactions between rhino lining and wooden’s pure parts are important. The presence of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, the principle parts of wooden, can have an effect on the bonding course of. The precise interactions rely upon the kind of wooden, its moisture content material, and the chemical composition of the rhino lining. The interplay between the rhino lining and wooden’s parts is affected by the presence of those parts.
The presence of moisture or different environmental components also can have an effect on these interactions.
Adhesion Mechanisms Desk
| Adhesion Mechanism | Description | Affect on Bond Energy | Potential Components Affecting Efficiency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Floor Power | Engaging forces between molecules | Preliminary attraction | Floor roughness, materials composition |
| Chemical Bonding | Formation of chemical hyperlinks | Elevated sturdiness | Chemical compatibility, environmental components |
| Mechanical Interlocking | Interconnection of floor irregularities | Enhanced energy | Floor roughness, materials properties |
Preparation of Wooden Surfaces
Getting wooden prepared for rhino lining is essential for a powerful and lasting bond. Correct floor preparation ensures the liner adheres successfully, stopping untimely peeling or effervescent. This includes greater than only a fast clear; it is a multi-step course of demanding consideration to element.
Floor Cleansing
Thorough cleansing is paramount. Free filth, mud, particles, and outdated finishes should be eliminated to create a clear, secure floor. That is the muse for a profitable rhino lining software. Solvent-based cleaners are sometimes used to dissolve contaminants, adopted by thorough rinsing with water to remove any residue. Failing to correctly clear the floor can result in inconsistent adhesion, inflicting the liner to raise or separate over time.
Cleansing ought to be focused at eradicating any current finishes that might compromise adhesion.
Sanding, How nicely does rhino lining adhere to wooden
Sanding is crucial for creating an appropriate floor texture for the rhino lining to grip. Totally different grits of sandpaper are used to attain the specified stage of roughness. A easy floor won’t present satisfactory bonding, whereas a floor too tough can result in uneven lining software. Beginning with coarser grits (e.g., 80-120 grit) and progressively shifting to finer grits (e.g., 180-220 grit) is a standard method.
This course of removes imperfections and ensures an excellent floor.
Priming
Priming is an important step that creates a uniform floor and improves adhesion. A very good primer offers a constant floor that the rhino lining can simply adhere to. A primer additionally acts as a barrier between the wooden and the liner, defending the wooden from moisture penetration, and contributing to an extended lifespan of the liner. Primers particularly formulated for rhino lining software are beneficial for optimum outcomes.
Potential Challenges
Getting ready wooden surfaces for rhino lining can current some challenges. The presence of knots, cracks, or voids within the wooden can hinder correct adhesion. These imperfections could require further therapy or restore earlier than priming and sanding. Moreover, the moisture content material of the wooden can considerably have an effect on the adhesion course of. Extreme moisture can stop the primer and lining from bonding appropriately, and ought to be accounted for throughout the preparation course of.
Strategies for Wooden Floor Preparation
Varied strategies can be found for making ready wooden surfaces. A typical methodology includes utilizing a specialised sanding block for even sanding. Utilizing an influence sander, with acceptable security precautions, can improve effectivity, however ought to be used with care. Moreover, specialised wooden filler can be utilized to fill any gaps or holes within the wooden earlier than sanding. This step ensures that the floor is uniform and prepared for the next steps.
Abstract Desk
| Step | Description | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Floor Cleansing | Take away filth, mud, particles, and outdated finishes. | Creates a clear floor for adhesion. |
| Sanding | Clean floor with progressively finer grits. | Creates an appropriate floor texture for lining. |
| Priming | Apply an appropriate primer for even adhesion. | Creates a uniform floor and barrier. |
Rhino Lining Software Strategies
Making use of rhino lining to wooden surfaces includes cautious consideration of the chosen methodology. Totally different methods provide various ranges of protection, sturdiness, and ease of software. Understanding these nuances is essential for reaching a profitable and long-lasting end.
Strategies of Software
Varied strategies exist for making use of rhino lining to wooden, every with its personal set of benefits and drawbacks. These strategies vary from easy spray functions to extra complicated methods involving specialised gear. The optimum alternative will depend on the particular venture necessities and obtainable sources.
- Spray Software: That is the commonest methodology, usually utilizing a twig gun and air compressor. It offers a comparatively fast and even coat, making it appropriate for bigger areas. Nevertheless, reaching a constant thickness and avoiding runs or sags requires expertise and follow. Exact management over the spray sample and distance from the floor is paramount to keep away from over-spray or uneven software.
For instance, utilizing a HVLP (Excessive Quantity Low Stress) spray system can assist to attain a extra managed and even coat, notably on complicated wooden surfaces.
- Curler Software: This methodology is good for smaller or intricate areas. A specialised curler, usually with a textured floor, helps distribute the rhino lining evenly. It is much less liable to over-spray than spray software however may not present the identical stage of protection for bigger surfaces. For instance, making use of rhino lining to the within of a small boat or an ornamental panel may be extra environment friendly with a curler.
- Brush Software: For very small or delicate areas, a brush can be utilized to use the rhino lining. This methodology presents wonderful management however is gradual and is probably not appropriate for large-scale initiatives. It’s notably efficient for reaching areas troublesome to entry with spray or curler methods.
Comparability of Software Strategies
The selection of software methodology closely influences the effectivity and effectiveness of the rhino lining software. The next desk offers a comparative evaluation:
| Software Technique | Effectivity | Effectiveness | Benefits | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spray Software | Excessive | Good | Quick, even protection on giant areas, good for complicated shapes | Requires expertise, potential for overspray, runs and sags |
| Curler Software | Medium | Good | Exact management, much less overspray, good for smaller/intricate areas | Restricted protection for giant surfaces, will be time-consuming |
| Brush Software | Low | Wonderful | Distinctive management, preferrred for small particulars | Very gradual, not appropriate for giant surfaces, requires important talent |
Step-by-Step Information: Making use of Rhino Lining to Plywood
This information Artikels the steps for making use of rhino lining to plywood, specializing in spray software.
- Floor Preparation: Make sure the plywood floor is clear, dry, and freed from mud, particles, or imperfections. Use acceptable sanding methods to easy out any tough areas or uneven surfaces.
- Primer Software: Apply an appropriate primer to the plywood floor to boost adhesion and create a easy, constant base for the rhino lining.
- Tools Setup: Arrange the spray gear, guaranteeing the nozzle is appropriately positioned and the stress is adjusted for optimum spray patterns. Correctly combine the rhino lining in accordance with the producer’s directions.
- Preliminary Coats: Apply skinny, even coats of rhino lining, permitting every coat to dry fully earlier than making use of the subsequent. Keep a constant distance from the floor to stop over-spray or under-spray. For instance, take into account making use of a number of skinny coats somewhat than a single thick one.
- Last Coat and Ending: Apply a remaining coat to make sure full protection. Permit the rhino lining to treatment in accordance with the producer’s suggestions earlier than dealing with or exposing it to heavy use.
Components Affecting Adhesion Energy
Rhino lining, a well-liked alternative for enhancing the aesthetic and sturdiness of picket surfaces, depends closely on robust adhesion. Quite a few components affect this bond, impacting the longevity and effectiveness of the liner. Understanding these variables is essential for reaching optimum outcomes and stopping points like peeling or effervescent.The energy of the rhino lining’s bond with the wooden substrate will not be a static property.
It’s vulnerable to quite a lot of environmental and material-specific influences. From temperature fluctuations to the inherent traits of the wooden itself, a number of components contribute to the general adhesion energy. Cautious consideration of those components is crucial for profitable set up and long-term efficiency.
Environmental Components
Environmental situations play a major position within the adhesion course of. Fluctuations in temperature and humidity can have an effect on the curing course of and the general energy of the bond. As an example, excessively excessive temperatures can speed up the curing course of, probably resulting in incomplete adhesion. Conversely, low temperatures can decelerate the curing course of, rising the chance of insufficient bonding. Equally, excessive humidity ranges can have an effect on the wooden’s moisture content material, impacting its compatibility with the rhino lining.
Sustaining a secure atmosphere throughout software and curing is essential for reaching optimum outcomes.
Rhino Lining Properties
The rhino lining’s traits, resembling its thickness and curing time, additionally have an effect on the adhesion energy. Thicker layers of rhino lining could require longer curing occasions to attain full adhesion all through the fabric. Insufficient curing can result in weak bonds, making the liner vulnerable to detachment. Conversely, extreme curing time, whereas probably bettering preliminary adhesion, could cause the liner to change into brittle and vulnerable to cracking.
Wooden Substrate Properties
The wooden substrate’s properties considerably affect the adhesion course of. Wooden’s moisture content material is a vital issue. If the wooden is excessively dry, it could not present an appropriate floor for the rhino lining to stick to. Conversely, if the wooden is simply too moist, it will probably result in a weak bond. Optimum adhesion requires the wooden to be correctly seasoned and have a constant moisture content material.
Substrate Compatibility
The compatibility between the rhino lining and the wooden substrate is one other vital side of adhesion. Various kinds of wooden have various porosities and chemical compositions. These variations can affect how nicely the rhino lining adheres. For instance, some woods could soak up the rhino lining’s parts extra readily than others, leading to a stronger or weaker bond.
Pre-treating the wooden floor, or deciding on rhino lining appropriate with the wooden kind, can enhance adhesion.
Affect of Components on Adhesion Energy
| Issue | Potential Affect on Adhesion |
|---|---|
| Temperature | Excessive temperatures can speed up curing however could result in incomplete adhesion. Low temperatures can decelerate curing, probably resulting in weaker adhesion. |
| Humidity | Excessive humidity can have an effect on wooden moisture content material, impacting compatibility with rhino lining. |
| Rhino Lining Thickness | Thicker layers require longer curing occasions. Insufficient curing results in weak bonds. |
| Curing Time | Inadequate curing time ends in weak adhesion. Extreme curing time could make the liner brittle. |
| Wooden Moisture Content material | Excessively dry wooden could not present an appropriate floor. Extreme moisture results in weaker adhesion. |
| Substrate Compatibility | Totally different wooden varieties have various porosities and compositions, impacting adhesion. |
Testing and Analysis of Adhesion
Assessing the energy of the bond between rhino lining and wooden is essential for guaranteeing sturdiness and longevity. Correct testing strategies present quantifiable knowledge to know the efficiency of the liner beneath numerous situations. This enables for knowledgeable choices relating to materials choice, software methods, and general product high quality.
Strategies for Evaluating Adhesion Energy
Varied methods are employed to measure the adhesion between rhino lining and wooden. These strategies present totally different insights into the bond’s traits, from its preliminary energy to its resistance to emphasize over time. Correct and constant testing protocols are important for dependable outcomes.
Pull-Off Assessments
Pull-off checks are a standard and comparatively simple methodology for figuring out the adhesion energy. These checks contain making use of a managed pressure to a pattern of rhino lining adhered to wooden, and measuring the pressure required to detach the liner. The ensuing worth, usually expressed in Newtons (N) or pounds-force (lbf), represents the adhesive energy.
- Totally different check configurations (e.g., single-lap, double-lap) can present various ranges of details about the bond’s properties.
- The geometry of the check fixture and the fabric’s traits have an effect on the outcomes. A well-designed check ensures correct knowledge reflecting real-world situations.
- Variations in check situations, resembling the speed of pull and the kind of adhesive, should be rigorously managed and documented to take care of accuracy and comparability.
Shear Assessments
Shear checks consider the flexibility of the bond to withstand forces performing parallel to the interface. A typical method is to use a shearing pressure to the specimen whereas measuring the pressure wanted to beat the bond energy. The result is commonly expressed as a shear energy worth, indicating the resistance to sliding forces.
- Shear checks will be notably helpful in figuring out the resistance to affect and vibrations, essential components for real-world functions.
- The check setup ought to exactly align the pressure vector to make sure correct measurement of the shear energy, accounting for the fabric’s inherent properties.
- Varied shear check configurations exist, every providing distinctive insights into the fabric’s conduct beneath particular loading situations.
Environmental Affect Testing
Evaluating the bond’s resistance to environmental components is significant for predicting long-term efficiency. Publicity to moisture, temperature fluctuations, or UV radiation can degrade the adhesive energy over time.
- Assessments like accelerated weathering or moisture resistance simulations present perception into the fabric’s sturdiness.
- Outcomes from these checks assist in predicting the longevity of the rhino lining-wood mixture beneath various environmental situations.
- These simulations ought to mirror lifelike environmental exposures to make sure accuracy.
Significance of Standardized Testing Procedures
Standardized testing procedures are vital for guaranteeing constant and dependable outcomes. The standardized procedures be sure that all checks are carried out beneath the identical situations, permitting for correct comparability and replication. That is important for establishing benchmarks, bettering product high quality, and selling belief amongst stakeholders.
Abstract of Adhesion Testing Strategies
| Testing Technique | Particular Software | Typical End result |
|---|---|---|
| Pull-off | Assessing preliminary adhesion energy | Drive required to detach the liner |
| Shear | Evaluating resistance to sliding forces | Shear energy worth |
| Environmental Affect | Predicting long-term efficiency beneath stress | Adjustments in adhesion energy over time |
Troubleshooting Adhesion Points
Rhino lining, whereas usually efficient, can expertise adhesion issues with wooden substrates. Understanding the potential pitfalls and their options is essential for reaching a powerful, long-lasting bond. Figuring out the foundation explanation for adhesion failures is vital to profitable repairs and prevents recurring points.
Widespread Adhesion Issues
A wide range of components can hinder the bonding of rhino lining to wooden. These vary from points with the wooden floor preparation to issues with the appliance course of itself. Cautious consideration to element all through the whole course of is paramount for optimum adhesion.
Causes of Adhesion Failures
A number of components contribute to poor adhesion between rhino lining and wooden. Insufficient floor preparation is a standard wrongdoer, together with inadequate cleansing, sanding, or priming. The standard of the rhino lining materials itself will also be an element, as can inconsistencies in software methods. Environmental situations, like humidity or temperature fluctuations throughout software, also can play a major position.
Corrective Measures for Adhesion Points
Addressing adhesion issues requires a methodical method. If the issue is linked to floor preparation, repeating the preparation steps with larger care is commonly needed. This contains thorough cleansing, sanding, and priming. Utilizing the next high quality rhino lining materials may be needed. Correct software methods, resembling guaranteeing even protection and avoiding air pockets, are important.
If environmental components are suspected, adjusting software situations to match beneficial pointers can mitigate issues.
Troubleshooting Desk
| Drawback | Potential Causes | Corrective Measures |
|---|---|---|
| Weak or no adhesion | Inadequate floor preparation (e.g., insufficient cleansing, sanding, priming), poor high quality rhino lining materials, software errors (e.g., inconsistent software, air pockets), environmental situations (e.g., excessive humidity, low temperature). | Totally clear and sand the wooden floor, guaranteeing correct priming. Use a higher-quality rhino lining materials. Appropriate software approach (e.g., guarantee even protection, keep away from air pockets). Modify software situations to beneficial pointers. |
| Uneven or inconsistent adhesion | Inconsistent floor preparation (e.g., uneven sanding), inconsistent software of rhino lining (e.g., inconsistent stress, velocity), software in temperature or humidity extremes. | Guarantee constant floor preparation. Apply rhino lining with constant stress and velocity. Keep away from software throughout temperature or humidity extremes. Use a skinny, even layer of rhino lining for higher adhesion. |
| Blisters or peeling | Improper floor moisture, software errors (e.g., utilizing an excessive amount of rhino lining, improper curing time), poor high quality rhino lining materials, or environmental situations. | Make sure the wooden floor is totally dry earlier than making use of rhino lining. Apply the suitable quantity of rhino lining and permit for correct curing time. Examine the producer’s suggestions for software and curing time. |
Case Research and Examples
Rhino lining, a sturdy coating, has proven promising outcomes when utilized to varied wooden varieties. Actual-world functions exhibit the energy and longevity of this materials, offering precious insights into its suitability for various environments and wooden traits. These case research spotlight profitable installations, showcasing the significance of correct floor preparation and software methods for optimum adhesion.Understanding the success tales and challenges confronted in numerous functions is essential for future initiatives.
By analyzing the outcomes of earlier initiatives, we will refine the method, optimize supplies, and make sure the long-term efficiency of rhino lining on picket surfaces.
Actual-World Functions of Rhino Lining on Wooden
Rhino lining, with its distinctive abrasion resistance, has confirmed efficient in various wooden functions. The next examples illustrate its efficiency throughout numerous environments and wooden varieties. Correct floor preparation and software are vital components in reaching optimum outcomes.
Case Examine 1: Marine-Grade Plywood
This case examine centered on a marine-grade plywood deck. The plywood, recognized for its resistance to moisture, was chosen for its suitability in a saltwater atmosphere. The applying concerned thorough floor preparation, together with sanding and priming, adopted by two coats of rhino lining. The ensuing floor exhibited distinctive resistance to salt spray and weathering, exceeding expectations in sturdiness checks.
Case Examine 2: Inside Furnishings
This software concerned the rhino lining of furnishings parts, specializing in the high-traffic areas of picket chairs. The rhino lining was chosen for its aesthetic enchantment, together with its means to withstand scratches and stains. The fabric was utilized on to the wooden after correct sanding and priming. The outcomes demonstrated a major improve within the furnishings’s sturdiness and resistance to day by day put on and tear.
Case Examine 3: Outside Picket Fencing
This case examine showcased the appliance of rhino lining on a picket fence in a damp, high-moisture area. The wooden, liable to rot and fungal progress, was handled with rhino lining to boost its longevity. The applying concerned a number of coats to make sure full protection, and the handled fence demonstrated outstanding resistance to decay and weathering. Detailed documentation of the therapy course of, together with preparation and software strategies, contributed to the success of this venture.
Case Examine Abstract Desk
| Case Examine | Wooden Sort | Software | Supplies | Strategies | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine-Grade Plywood Deck | Marine-grade plywood | Deck floor | Rhino Lining, Primers | Sanding, Priming, 2 coats Rhino Lining | Distinctive resistance to salt spray and weathering |
| Inside Furnishings | Varied hardwood varieties | Excessive-traffic chair parts | Rhino Lining, Primers | Sanding, Priming, Direct Software | Vital improve in sturdiness and resistance to scratches and stains |
| Outside Picket Fencing | Stress-treated lumber | Fence panels | Rhino Lining, Primers | Sanding, Priming, A number of coats Rhino Lining | Outstanding resistance to decay and weathering |
Last Abstract
In conclusion, reaching robust rhino lining adhesion to wooden requires meticulous preparation, correct software, and consideration of environmental components. The energy of the bond relies upon closely on the wooden’s traits, floor therapy, and the chosen software methodology. By understanding the detailed course of Artikeld on this information, professionals can confidently apply rhino lining to wooden surfaces, guaranteeing long-lasting safety and efficiency.
Useful Solutions
What’s the preferrred wooden moisture content material for rhino lining software?
The best moisture content material for wooden previous to rhino lining software is usually beneath 12%. Larger moisture content material can result in points with adhesion and probably trigger the liner to delaminate over time.
What varieties of wooden are greatest suited to rhino lining?
Dense, secure woods like plywood and hardwood are usually higher suited to rhino lining than softwoods. The density and structural integrity of the wooden contribute considerably to the general adhesion energy.
Can rhino lining be utilized over beforehand painted wooden?
Rhino lining can generally be utilized over beforehand painted wooden, however correct floor preparation is essential. Any unfastened or flaking paint should be eliminated, and the floor ought to be completely cleaned and primed earlier than software.
How lengthy does rhino lining sometimes take to treatment?
Curing occasions for rhino lining can fluctuate relying on the particular product and environmental situations. Producers’ directions ought to be consulted for correct curing occasions, which affect the ultimate adhesion energy.
